analysis and refinement of Astrolabes 


​Not only did Biruni perform research on theories, but he also did in-depth analysis on astrolabes and how they should work. He drew different depictions of various instruments that are considered to be the precursors of more modern objects such as clocks and astrolabes,  which other scientists were able to use later on to complete these inventions.


​Inventing the first odometer and mechanical lunisolar CALENDAR
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Biruni wrote the first treatise on the planisphere (the earliest star chart) and the orthographical astrolabe. He also wrote a treatise on the armillary sphere, and was able to mathematically determine the direction of the Qilba from any place in the world.

He also invented an early hodometer (the older name for an Odometer) and the first mechanical lunisolar calendar which employed a gear train and eight gear-wheels. These were early examples of fixed-wired knowledge processing machines.

He also wrote the earliest treatise on the sextant. 

Ulugh beg observatory

The Ulugh Beg Observatory is an observatory in Samrakand in modern-day Uzbekistan. Built in the 1420s by the Timurid astronomer Ulugh Beg, it is considered by scholars to have been one of the finest observatories in the Islamic world. The observatory was destroyed in 1449 by religious fanatics and rediscovered in 1908.
Picture
Remains of Ulugh Beg's mural sextant, Samarkand, Uzbekistan, 15th century.